强制移民地图

1944 – 2025
19442025

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关于本工具

谁在何时被迫迁往何处?本工具绘制了1944至2025年间关于驱逐、遣送出境、遣返和逃离的 778 条有据可查的记述,均从 355 种已发表的来源中人工整理而成。其中大多数人此前已经迁移过一次——作为劳工、难民或外国血统的少数群体——随后又被迫再次迁移。

从总览到细节。在顶部筛选事件类型和年份。地图画出最大的流动,走廊按地区分组显示国家之间的全部流动,时间序列显示每年的人数,案例列出每条记录及其来源。点击任意国家可打开其概况,各视图随即只显示它的流动。点击线条、带状线或年份,可查看背后的记录。地址栏始终是当前所见内容的链接;下载按钮可将其导出为CSV。

事件类型

定义来自记录描述:来源使用这些词,但都没有给出定义。

驱逐
一个国家一次性赶走整个群体,通常是外国人或少数群体:1983年的尼日利亚、1972年的乌干达、1989年的保加利亚。
遣送出境
针对个人的遣送,多因移民身份或刑事定罪,按年或按行动累计:南非遣送至邻国、马来西亚、多米尼加共和国遣送至海地。
遣返
难民或移民返回本国。既包括联合国难民署或国际移民组织协助的返回,也包括在压力下的返回,而记录很少把两者区分开来。
逃离
外籍劳工逃离其居住国的战争:1990—1991年的科威特和伊拉克、2011年的利比亚。

来源地、目的地、过境

来源地是人们被迫离开的国家:通常是他们居住的国家,而不是出生的国家。目的地是记录所写的去向。“各地”“等”以及“其他南部非洲发展共同体国家”之类的地区,计为未指明的来源地或目的地:计入所有总数和国家概况,但从不作为国家画出。

过境。记录中没有过境字段,因此本工具借助一张涵盖全部 184 个群体标签的对照表,把每条记录的群体(如“加纳人”“撒哈拉以南非洲人”)解读为一种国籍。被送往既非本国、也非出发国的人——例如1991年科威特把巴勒斯坦人驱逐到约旦——计为抵达第三国。161 个标签指向一个国家;其余为族群、地区或未指明的群体,其抵达者不计入这两个数字。

名称。国家和地区按联合国自己的分类(UN M49)命名,中文采用其官方名称;M49 未列入的科索沃采用 Unicode CLDR 的名称。184 个群体标签已译成中文;记录本身的文字保留来源原文。

数字如何得出

每条记录一个估计值。每条记录给出其覆盖年份内迁移人数的低、中、高三个估计值;计入的是中间值,并平均分摊到这些年份。71 条记录给出了区间;多个来源合并时,区间覆盖各来源的数字。

多个目的地。40 条记录列出了不止一个目的地(或来源地)。如果记录给出了分解(在备注中,或其群体指向所列国家之一),就采用该分解;否则在所列地点之间平均分配(29 条记录),未指明的部分(“等”)保留其份额,计为未指明的目的地。

多个来源,同一事件。同一流动的数字从不跨来源相加。如果多个来源给出同一来源地、目的地、类型和年份的数字,取其中位数(176 条记录,在“案例”中标为“来源中位数”)。以下 19 个事件,多个来源的描述彼此对不上(年份、目的地或群体不同),因此每个事件只计算一次,采用一个来源:

  1. 尼日利亚驱逐西非移民(“加纳人必须走”),1983年 · 来源 46
    Afolayan (1988) is a peer-reviewed study of this expulsion, written close to it, with a count for every destination. GSME (1) gives one total for six countries; the Ghana Statistical Service (60) counts Ghanaians only, and puts them higher (0.9-1.2 million against Afolayan's 700,000); 178 has no bibliographic entry; 179 and 338 are later secondary accounts.
  2. 南非遣送南部非洲发展共同体移民,1994—2006年 · 来源 163, 164
    Waller (2006) gives yearly counts by destination for 1994-2004 and is peer-reviewed. Human Rights Watch (162, 315) repeats the same official counts for 1994-1997; the Migration Policy Institute total for 1994-2008 (163, row 397) spans every one of these years and would count them twice; 319 is one year of the same series. For 2006, 163 and 317 are one publication entered twice: 163 is kept.
  3. 海湾危机期间沙特阿拉伯驱逐也门人,1990—1991年 · 来源 1
    GSME (Garrity 2022) is peer-reviewed and gives a range (750,000-1,000,000); the other three give 800,000-900,000 for the same expulsion.
  4. 阿富汗难民从巴基斯坦和伊朗返回,2002—2012年 · 来源 346
    UNHCR's operation profile (346) counts every assisted return for 2002-2012 from all host countries. The UNHCR figure for Pakistan in 2002-2004 (345) is part of it. Cost of the choice: these returns show an unspecified origin rather than Pakistan.
  5. 加纳驱逐外国人(《外侨守法令》),1969—1970年 · 来源 1
    GSME is the only source here that covers every expelled nationality, with a range (200,000-1,000,000). Daly (2022, 45) is peer-reviewed but counts Nigerians only (500,000); 178 has no bibliographic entry; 179 gives a partial list; 180 is a press article (2.5 million).
  6. 阿尔及利亚驱逐摩洛哥人,1975年 · 来源 1
    GSME is the only peer-reviewed source; the others are press and advocacy and give 40,000-500,000. GSME's 30,000 is far below the 350,000 most often cited: worth a second look.
  7. 沙特阿拉伯打击无证劳工行动,2012—2014年 · 来源 377
    The Global Detention Project's submission to the UN CERD (377) counts deportations by destination. 213 and 375 are one article entered twice; 376 is an earlier report on part of the same campaign.
  8. 伊拉克将法伊利库尔德人和什叶派遣送至伊朗,1980—1990年 · 来源 223
    Ketuly (2023) is a peer-reviewed study of these deportations. Minority Rights Group (224) and Human Rights Watch (226) count subgroups of the same people (Kurds, Shia).
  9. 海湾战争后科威特驱逐巴勒斯坦人,1991年 · 来源 227
    The BADIL refugee survey (227) is the specialist source and splits the expulsion by destination. Its 375,000 (row 569) is the total of which Jordan (265,000) and Iraq (2,000) are parts, so row 569 is set aside to avoid counting Jordan twice; about 108,000 to other destinations are lost. GSME (1) and Chatelard (228) give 300,000 for the same people.
  10. 外籍劳工逃离利比亚战争,2011年 · 来源 265
    IOM's operational count (265) covers every migrant worker who left Libya in 2011. Zohry's 800,000 Egyptians (148) would exceed it on its own, so the two cannot both be counted. Uncertain: IOM's figure may exclude Egyptians who crossed on their own.
  11. 尼日利亚再次驱逐西非移民,1985年 · 来源 46
    Afolayan (1988), peer-reviewed, counts the expulsion by destination. GSME (1) gives one total for four countries; Bump (181) counts Ghanaians only.
  12. 越南驱逐华人(华族),1977—1979年 · 来源 1
    GSME covers the whole period with a range (400,000-1,000,000); Minority Rights Group (334) gives 1979 only.
  13. 安哥拉驱逐刚果人,2018年 · 来源 1
    GSME is peer-reviewed and gives a range (330,000-400,000); ReliefWeb (16) is a news digest.
  14. 布基纳法索人被迫离开科特迪瓦,1999—2007年 · 来源 72
    Bjarnesen (2013) is an academic study covering the whole period; ReliefWeb's 2002 figure for Burkinabe (128) falls inside it. The same ReliefWeb report's figures for Guineans, Malians and Liberians are other people and stay counted.
  15. 伊朗遣送阿富汗人,2012—2015年 · 来源 4
    Crawley and Kaytaz (2022) is a peer-reviewed study of exactly these deportations and covers 2012-2015; GSME (1) covers 2012-2013 of the same campaign.
  16. 安哥拉驱逐刚果人,2003—2007年 · 来源 15
    UN OCHA's situation report (15) gives the UN's operational count for 2003-2007. GSME (1), Bekker (3) and The New Humanitarian (70) count parts of the same expulsions; Bekker gives 126,247 twice (as Guineans and as all nationalities), the 2004 total of one operation.
  17. 保加利亚驱逐保加利亚土耳其族人,1989年 · 来源 67
    Two peer-reviewed studies (340,000 and 350,000); the more recent one, Kutlay (2017), is kept.
  18. 阿塞拜疆人被迫离开亚美尼亚,1987—1990年 · 来源 22
    All three sources are Azerbaijani or pro-Azerbaijani (an op-ed, a magazine, an advocacy centre). Visions of Azerbaijan (22) covers the main period, 1988-89. An independent source is needed.
  19. 多米尼加共和国驱逐海地人和海地裔多米尼加人,2015—2019年 · 来源 1
    GSME is peer-reviewed and covers the whole period with a range (250,000-310,000); the others count parts of 2015-2016.

修正

地名通过一份现用名、别名和旧国名的对照表统一(扎伊尔与刚果民主共和国、缅甸的新旧英文名、斯威士兰的新旧英文名各算一个国家),另有一张拼写错误和国民称谓的简表。以下记录经过修正,各附理由(理由为英文原文):

  • 第 304 行: end year 2921 → 2021. Typo: a year in the 30th century
  • 第 651 行: end year 2918 → 2018. Typo: a year in the 30th century
  • 第 804 行: end year 1989 → 1990. Typo: the period ends before it starts
  • 第 326 行: . Nigeria expelling people to Nigeria is impossible; the group column names Nigeriens
  • 第 340 行: target name Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Chad → Ghana; Niger; Cameroon; Chad. Nigeria expelling people to Nigeria is impossible; read as Niger, as in the 1983 record
  • 第 69 行: origin name Bangladesh → India; target name India → Bangladesh; expelled group Indians → Bangladeshis; year 1971 → 1972; end year 1971 → 1972; lower bound 10000000 → 9000000; mean estimate 10000000 → 9839305; upper bound 10000000 → 9899305; data source id 214 → 214; 478; 479. Recoded after checking: the 1971 record mixed the flight of about 10 million people from East Pakistan into India (Mar-Dec 1971, refugees from their own country, outside this collection's scope) with their return, which is the repatriation it is coded as. India registered 9,899,305 refugees on 15 Dec 1971 and required those who had arrived after 25 Mar 1971 to go back by the end of Feb 1972; over a million had left by 6 Jan 1972, 6 million by the end of January, 9 million by the end of February, and 60,000 remained on 25 Mar 1972 (sources 478, 479).

数据无法告诉我们什么

这些记录覆盖的是有文献记载的事件,因此地图显示的是强制迁移被记录的地方,而不是它们发生的地方。1990年以前的覆盖很薄弱,并且偏重英语来源。本数据集以经合组织以外的世界为中心,那里的官方移民统计最为薄弱;86 条记录始于经合组织国家(首先是美国),经合组织国家的遣送远未收录完整。逃离在来源中很少见,在数据中也不多。